what is the economy like and how is it related to the countrys geography

Subfield of human being geography and economics

Economic geography is the subfield of human geography which studies economical activity and factors affecting them. It can besides be considered a subfield or method in economics.^[ane] There are four branches of economic geography. There is, primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, & Quaternary sector.

Economical geography takes a multifariousness of approaches to many different topics, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (as well known as "linkages"), transportation, international trade, development, real estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban course, the relationship betwixt the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-surround interaction), and globalization.

Theoretical groundwork and influences [edit]

At that place are varied methodological approaches. Neoclassical location theorists, following in the tradition of Alfred Weber, tend to focus on industrial location and employ quantitative methods. Since the 1970s, two broad reactions against neoclassical approaches have significantly inverse the discipline: Marxist political economy, growing out of the work of David Harvey; and the new economic geography which takes into account social, cultural, and institutional factors in the spatial economic system.

Economists such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have also analyzed many traits related to economical geography. Krugman called his application of spatial thinking to international merchandise theory the "new economic geography", which straight competes with an approach inside the discipline of geography that is likewise chosen "new economic geography".^[2] The proper noun geographical economics has been suggested every bit an culling.^[three]

History [edit]

Early approaches to economical geography are found in the 7 Chinese maps of the State of Qin, which date to the 4th century BC and in the Greek geographer Strabo's Geographika, compiled near 2000 years ago. As cartography developed, geographers illuminated many aspects used today in the field; maps created by different European powers described the resource likely to exist found in American, African, and Asian territories. The earliest travel journals included descriptions of the native people, the climate, the landscape, and the productivity of diverse locations. These early on accounts encouraged the development of transcontinental trade patterns and ushered in the era of mercantilism.

Lindley M. Keasbey wrote in 1901 that no discipline of economic geography existed, with scholars either doing geography or economics.^[4] Keasbey argued for a discipline of economic geography, writing,^[four]

On the one hand, the economic activities of man are adamant from the first by the phenomena of nature; and, on the other hand, the phenomena of nature are afterwards modified by the economic activities of homo. Since this is the case, to starting time the deductions of economic science, the inductions of geography are necessary; and to continue the inductions of geography, the deductions of economic science are required. Logically, therefore, economic science is impossible without geography, and geography is incomplete without economics.

World War II contributed to the popularization of geographical noesis more often than not, and post-war economic recovery and development contributed to the growth of economic geography as a discipline. During ecology determinism's time of popularity, Ellsworth Huntington and his theory of climatic determinism, while afterwards greatly criticized, notably influenced the field. Valuable contributions also came from location theorists such equally Johann Heinrich von Thünen or Alfred Weber. Other influential theories include Walter Christaller'southward Central place theory, the theory of core and periphery.^{[ citation needed ]}

Fred One thousand. Schaefer'south article "Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination", published in the American periodical Annals of the Association of American Geographers, and his critique of regionalism, fabricated a big impact on the field: the article became a rallying point for the younger generation of economic geographers who were intent on reinventing the discipline as a science, and quantitative methods began to prevail in inquiry. Well-known economic geographers of this menstruation include William Garrison, Brian Berry, Waldo Tobler, Peter Haggett and William Bunge.

Gimmicky economic geographers tend to specialize in areas such as location theory and spatial analysis (with the help of geographic information systems), market research, geography of transportation, real estate price evaluation, regional and global development, planning, Internet geography, innovation, social networks.^[5]

Approaches to written report [edit]

Every bit economical geography is a very broad discipline, with economic geographers using many different methodologies in the study of economic phenomena in the world some singled-out approaches to study take evolved over time:

• Theoretical economic geography focuses on edifice theories about spatial arrangement and distribution of economic activities.
• Regional economic geography examines the economic atmospheric condition of particular regions or countries of the world. It deals with economic regionalization as well equally local economical development.
• Historical economic geography examines the history and development of spatial economic construction. Using historical data, it examines how centers of population and economic activity shift, what patterns of regional specialization and localization evolve over fourth dimension and what factors explicate these changes.
• Evolutionary economic geography adopts an evolutionary approach to economical geography. More than specifically, Evolutionary Economical Geography uses concepts and ideas from evolutionary economics to understand the evolution of cities, regions, and other economic systems.^[six]
• Critical economic geography is an arroyo taken from the indicate of view of contemporary critical geography and its philosophy.
• Behavioral economic geography examines the cerebral processes underlying spatial reasoning, locational decision making, and behavior of firms^[vii] and individuals.

Economic geography is sometimes approached as a branch of anthropogeography that focuses on regional systems of human economic activity. An alternative description of different approaches to the report of human economic activity can be organized effectually spatiotemporal analysis, analysis of production/consumption of economical items, and assay of economic menstruum. Spatiotemporal systems of analysis include economic activities of region, mixed social spaces, and evolution.

Alternatively, analysis may focus on production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of items of economical activity. Allowing parameters of space-time and particular to vary, a geographer may also examine material flow, commodity period, population flow and data catamenia from dissimilar parts of the economic activity system. Through analysis of menstruum and production, industrial areas, rural and urban residential areas, transportation site, commercial service facilities and finance and other economic centers are linked together in an economical activity system.

Branches [edit]

Thematically, economical geography can exist divided into these subdisciplines:

• Geography of agronomics

It is traditionally considered the co-operative of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth's surface that are transformed by humans through main sector activities. Information technology thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial patterns. While most research in this area concentrates rather on production than on consumption,[ane] a distinction can be made between nomothetic (east.thou. distribution of spatial agricultural patterns and processes) and idiographic research (e.thousand. human being-environment interaction and the shaping of agricultural landscapes). The latter approach of agronomical geography is often applied within regional geography.

• Geography of industry
• Geography of international trade
• Geography of resources
• Geography of transport and advice
• Geography of finance

These areas of study may overlap with other geographical sciences.

Economists and economical geographers [edit]

Generally, spatially interested economists study the effects of space on the economic system. Geographers, on the other hand, are interested in the economic processes' touch on spatial structures.

Moreover, economists and economical geographers differ in their methods in approaching spatial-economic bug in several ways. An economic geographer will often take a more holistic approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, which is to anticipate a trouble in terms of space, place, and scale likewise as the overt economic problem that is existence examined. The economist arroyo, co-ordinate to some economic geographers, has the principal drawback of homogenizing the economic globe in ways economic geographers try to avoid.^[viii]

Variation by industry [edit]

Industries accept different patterns of economical geography. Extractive industries tend to be concentrated around their specific natural resources. In Norway, for example, about oil industry jobs occur within a single electoral commune. Industries are geographically concentrated if they practise non need to be close to their end customers, such as the automotive industry concentration in Detroit, Us. Agriculture as well tends to exist concentrated. Industries are geographically diffuse if they need to be close to their end customers, such as hairdressers, restaurants, and the hospitality industry.^[9]

New economical geography [edit]

With the rise of the New Economy, economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing utilize of information and communications engineering science, the growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economical geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economic system, including the emerging digital divide.

The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that utilize innovative technology, such every bit industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is a switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economic system. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many unlike people, as well as the use of tacit knowledge. As a result of cooperation condign a necessity, there is a clustering in the loftier-tech new economic system of many firms.

Social and spatial divisions [edit]

As characterized through the piece of work of Diane Perrons,^[ten] in Anglo-American literature, the New Economic system consists of 2 distinct types. New Economic Geography 1 (NEG1) is characterized by sophisticated spatial modelling. It seeks to explain uneven development and the emergence of industrial clusters. Information technology does and then through the exploration of linkages betwixt centripetal and centrifugal forces, especially those of economies of scale.

New Economic Geography 2 (NEG2) as well seeks to explain the apparently paradoxical emergence of industrial clusters in a gimmicky context, however, information technology emphasizes relational, social, and contextual aspects of economic behaviour, particularly the importance of tacit cognition. The chief deviation betwixt these two types is NEG2's accent on aspects of economical behaviour that NEG1 considers intangible.

Both New Economical Geographies acknowledge ship costs, the importance of cognition in a new economy, possible effects of externalities, and endogenous processes that generate increases in productivity. The two also share a focus on the firm as the almost important unit and on growth rather than development of regions. Equally a result, the actual bear on of clusters on a region is given far less attention, relative to the focus on clustering of related activities in a region.

However, the focus on the firm as the main entity of significance hinders the discussion of New Economic Geography. Information technology limits the discussion in a national and global context and confines information technology to a smaller scale context. It also places limits on the nature of the business firm's activities and their position within the global value chain. Farther work done by Bjorn Asheim (2001) and Gernot Grabher (2002) challenges the idea of the business firm through action-enquiry approaches and mapping organizational forms and their linkages. In brusque, the focus on the firm in new economical geographies is undertheorized in NEG1 and undercontextualized in NEG2, which limits the discussion of its touch on on spatial economic development.

Spatial divisions inside these arising New Economic geographies are apparent in the form of the digital divide, as a result of regions attracting talented workers instead of developing skills at a local level (see Creative Form for further reading). Despite increasing inter-connectivity through developing data communication technologies, the contemporary earth is still defined through its widening social and spatial divisions, almost of which are increasingly gendered. Danny Quah explains these spatial divisions through the characteristics of cognition goods in the New Economy: goods divers by their space expansibility, weightlessness, and nonrivalry. Social divisions are expressed through new spatial segregation that illustrates spatial sorting by income, ethnicity, abilities, needs, and lifestyle preferences. Employment segregation is prove past the overrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities in lower-paid service sector jobs. These divisions in the new economic system are much more hard to overcome as a effect of few clear pathways of progression to higher-skilled work.

See besides [edit]

• Business cluster
• Artistic class
• Development geography
• Gravity model of merchandise
• Geography and wealth
• Location theory
• New Economy
• Regional science
• Retail geography
• Rural economic science
• Spatial analysis
• Urban economics
• Weber problem
• Economical Geography (journal) - founded and published quarterly at Clark University since 1925
• Journal of Economical Geography - published by Oxford University Press since 2001^[11]

References [edit]

1. ^ Gordon L. Clark; Maryann P. Feldman; Meric S. Gertler, eds. (2000). The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-823410-4. Scroll to chapter-preview links.
2. ^ From S.N. Durlauf and L.E. Blume, ed. (2008). The New Palgrave Lexicon of Economics, 2nd Edition:

   "new economical geography" by Anthony J. Venables. Abstract.

   "regional development, geography of" by Jeffrey D. Sachs and Gordon McCord. Abstract.

   "gravity models" past Pierre-Philippe Combes. Abstract.

   "location theory" by Jacques-François Thisse. Abstract.

   "spatial economics" by Gilles Duranton. Abstract.

   "urban agglomeration" by William C. Strange. Abstract.

   "systems of cities" past J. Vernon Henderson. Abstract.

   "urban growth" by Yannis M. Ioannides and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. Abstract.

3. ^ Steven Brakman; Harry Garretsen; Charles van Marrewijk. An Introduction to Geographical Economics.
4. ^ ^{a b} Keasbey, Lindley M. (1901). "The Study of Economic Geography". Political Science Quarterly. xvi (i): 79–95. doi:10.2307/2140442. ISSN 0032-3195.
5. ^ Braha, Dan; Stacey, Blake; Bar-Yam, Yaneer (2011). "Corporate competition: A self-organized network" (PDF). Social Networks. 33 (3): 219–230. arXiv:1107.0539. Bibcode:2011arXiv1107.0539B. doi:x.1016/j.socnet.2011.05.004. S2CID 1249348. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-thirteen. Retrieved 2014-02-xvi .
6. ^ Boschma, Ron; Frenken, Koen (2006). "Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an evolutionary economic geography". Journal of Economic Geography. 6 (iii): 273–302. doi:x.1093/jeg/lbi022.
7. ^ Schoenberger, E (2001). "Corporate autobiographies: the narrative strategies of corporate strategists". Journal of Economic Geography. 1 (3): 277–98. doi:10.1093/jeg/1.3.277.
8. ^ Yeung, Henry W. C.; Kelly, Phillip (2007). Economic Geography: A Gimmicky Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
9. ^ Rickard, Stephanie J. (2020). "Economic Geography, Politics, and Policy". Almanac Review of Political Science. 23: 187–202. doi:x.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033649.
10. ^ Perrons, Diane (2004). "Agreement Social and Spatial Divisions in the New Economic system: New Media Clusters and the Digital Divide". Economic Geography. 80 (1): 45–61. doi:x.1111/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00228.x. S2CID 144632958.
11. ^ Journal of Economical Geography

Farther reading [edit]

• Barnes, T. J., Peck, J., Sheppard, East., and Adam Tickell (eds). (2003). Reading Economical Geography. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Combes, P. P., Mayer, T., Thisse, J.T. (2008). Economic Geography: The Integration of Regions and Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Description. Scroll down to chapter-preview links.
• Dicken, P. (2003). Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century. New York: Guilford.
• Lee, R. and Wills, J. (1997). Geographies of Economies. London: Arnold.
• Massey, D. (1984). Spatial Divisions of Labour, Social Structures and the Construction of Production, MacMillan, London.
• Peck, J. (1996). Piece of work-identify: The Social Regulation of Labor Markets. New York: Guilford.
• Peck, J. (2001). Workfare States. New York: Guilford.
• Tóth, Chiliad., Kincses, Á., Nagy, Z. (2014). European Spatial Construction. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, ISBN 978-iii-659-64559-four, doi:x.13140/2.one.1560.2247

External links [edit]

Scientific journals

• Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie (TESG) - Published by The Royal Dutch Geographical Society (KNAG) since 1948.
• Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie - The German Journal of Economical Geography, published since 1956.

Other

• EconGeo Network
• Social and Spatial Inequalities

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography

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